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The example above demonstrates Ms. Tiana working to create a gender-inclusive space for Tate as he selects the jacket he prefers. Gender-inclusive spaces allow children to easily move between roles or materials commonly regarded as male or female without any gendered expectations or barriers. For nearly thirty years, proponents of anti-bias education have reminded us that 鈥渋t is not human differences that undermine children鈥檚 development but rather unfair, hurtful treatment based upon those differences鈥� (Derman-Sparks & Edwards 2010, 3). Children鈥檚 emotional safety may be compromised when adults or peers express disapproval of young children for supposedly incorrect gender expressions (Chrisman & Couchenour 2003). In this article, we argue that by working to create inclusive classroom environments and thus modeling acceptance of gender exploration in the early childhood classroom, we allow children the freedom to be their most authentic selves, regardless of how they come to identify themselves as adults.

Gender-inclusive classrooms promote an anti-bias atmosphere in which all children can explore and grow. Creating a space that promotes equity, safety, and respect for all members of a classroom community is a hallmark of good teaching and school leadership (Derman-Sparks & Edwards 2010; Mosso-Taylor 2016; Kroeger & Regula 2017). However, from early childhood through high school, children who do not conform to traditional gender roles and forms of expression are likely to be harassed, bullied, or physically assaulted鈥攁nd all too often, teachers and administrators ignore these instances of harassment (Kosciw et al. 2012).

Youth who do not conform to traditional ideas about gender are less likely to finish high school or college, are overrepresented among homeless youth, and are more likely to have mental health concerns than their gender-conforming peers (Choi et al. 2015). Given these challenging social problems, we believe it is never too early to positively support young children鈥檚 gender exploration and expression. Even in the most innocent-seeming moments, such as Tate鈥檚 selection of a pink coat, our words and actions may affect children鈥檚 emotional, social, and identity development.

For many years, anti-bias practices related to gender have tended to emphasize promoting a non-sexist atmosphere (Derman-Sparks & ABC Task Force 1989; Derman-Sparks & Edwards 2010; Campbell, Smith, & Alexander 2016). As Tate鈥檚 story makes clear, however, combating sexism is only one small part of creating a gender-inclusive classroom. This article advances conversations about gender diversity and anti-bias education. It supports children and teachers in challenging gender-related bias, examining its personal consequences, and countering the 鈥渘egative effects of bias on children, themselves, and their communities鈥� (Gunn 2003, 132).

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In this article, we use Tate鈥檚 choice of the pink coat to discuss the practical underpinnings of gender and anti-bias decision-making in the classroom. We hope that after reading this article, teachers will be better equipped to work through their own biases before responding to young children who are exploring gender in nontraditional ways. Additionally, we hope to help teachers reflect on how seemingly minor things, such as a collection of pink dress-up clothes or a block area adorned mostly with dinosaurs and trucks, might feel like barriers for children who wish to play outside of stereotypical gender roles.

Considering how to engage with children in more supportive and inclusive ways can start with learning gender concepts, intentionally reworking classroom materials, and being more thoughtful about communicating with children and families. We explore these three strategies in detail; for more ideas, see 鈥淪upporting Gender Diversity in Your Classroom鈥�.

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Learning gender concepts

Ideas about gender and sexuality are constantly evolving. They overlap with anti-bias principles and can be confusing to educators (and families) (Derman-Sparks & ABC Task Force 1989; Derman-Sparks, LeeKeenan, & Nimmo 2015). Learning some terminology and current thinking about gender constructs can help.

The term gender brings together three notions鈥攁n individual鈥檚 assigned gender (done at birth based on physical appearance), gender identity, and gender expression (Killermann 2018; Newman 2016; Human Rights Campaign 2017). The traditional view of gender is binary鈥攎ale or female. Babies are assigned male or female at birth, and then are expected to identify and express themselves as such throughout their lives (Gunn & MacNaughton 2007). In contrast, more current thinking on gender is expansive. Rather than a binary notion or even a continuum (masculine to feminine), gender is considered multifaceted, interrelated with other aspects of one鈥檚 identity (e.g., spiritual beliefs, race), and may be fluid (i.e., for some people gender identity is not fixed) (Ehrensaft 2012; Kroeger & Regula 2017). Note that this discussion of gender is not a discussion of sexuality, which is a separate concept regarding sexual and romantic attraction. In popular culture, concepts of gender and sexuality are often conflated (Gunn 2011). Neither gender identity nor gender expression determines sexual orientation (i.e., attraction).

In many ways, our society has already abandoned many of its more traditional ideas about gender鈥攆or example, we鈥檝e accepted that women can be scientists and men can be nurses, moving away from the idea that certain behaviors, skills, and abilities are associated only with certain genders. But current thinking on gender goes further; it lets go of the idea that gender assigned at birth, gender identity, and gender expression must align and must stay the same over time. For example, a child assigned female at birth may identify as female but often choose to wear outfits (a facet of gender expression) that our society sees as male, like plaid shirts and cargo shorts; or a child assigned male at birth may identify as female but choose to wear plaid shirts and cargo shorts to avoid being bullied. As children mature, their gender identities and preferred forms of expression may change (Ehrensaft 2012; NASP 2014). Exploration of gender in the early years helps children form and reform their gender identities, discovering their interests and the many ways they can express themselves (Ehrensaft 2012; Kroeger & Regula 2017). Throughout children鈥檚 explorations and changes, it is important for teachers, families, and other caregivers to remain open, responsive, and supportive.

Many educators find it helpful to study gender terminology and visual models of gender concepts (Human Rights Campaign 2017; Killermann 2018). Two websites we recommend with such resources for teachers of young children are GLSEN () and Gender Justice in Early Childhood ().

Reexamining the pink coat scenario

Opening up opportunities for children to express their gender more freely and reducing gender barriers (or biases) requires teachers to reflect critically on their thinking and practice (Derman-Sparks, LeeKeenan, & Nimmo 2015). Pedagogical change is more likely to succeed when teachers choose to make a change than when it is imposed on them by external policy demands (Gunn & MacNaughton 2007). When teachers reflect deeply on their personal understandings of gender, they can begin to make more informed decisions and create opportunities to address inequity and bias. Learning to support gender exploration in the classroom enables teachers to ensure that children feel safe and acquire more sophisticated understandings about gender as they learn and grow.

Reflecting on Tate鈥檚 experience, we can see that what his two teachers personally defined as appropriate (or inappropriate) for young children guided their actions. We could say that for Ms. Tiana, Tate鈥檚 sense of self, of autonomy, and of belonging in the classroom were prioritized. At first glance, it seems that for Ms. Diane conformity to traditional gender expression was more important than Tate鈥檚 desire, warmth, or comfort鈥攂ut perhaps she had not taken the time to examine her own biases or misconceptions surrounding gender. In any case, Ms. Diane鈥檚 actions reinforced expectations for conformity to the gender expressions typically promoted in our broader society.

When we engage with children, we are constantly emitting subtle cues, whether we are conscious of our biases and values or not. Ms. Diane may have been worried about negative judgments from other teachers or from Tate鈥檚 parents, or perhaps about other children teasing Tate. In other words, she may have been motivated by concern for Tate鈥檚 emotional safety. She may also have felt an internal discomfort with Tate鈥檚 choice and acted impulsively, unaware of the messages (e.g., boys don鈥檛 wear pink) she might have conveyed to Tate and his peers.

Increasingly, work from mental health fields (including school psychology) indicates that it is important for young children to be able to explore gender in their earliest years by playing with their appearance (e.g., hairstyle, makeup, clothing, jewelry). This enables children to understand how external appearance or aspects of gender expression may or may not match internal gender identity or assigned biological sex (Ehrensaft 2012; NASP 2014). This is especially relevant for children who are engaging in nontraditional gender expressions and play, and all the more so for children who remain engaged in such expressions throughout childhood. Approaching children neutrally or affirmatively, as Ms. Tiana did, also creates space for children to freely and fully explore their interests. Ms. Tiana鈥檚 actions led to Tate鈥檚 emotional security, shown by his smile and his quickly lining up to play outside.

Reworking classroom materials

When teachers establish classroom spaces that support the traditional binary concept of gender (for example, putting the boys鈥� photos and names on blue paper and the girls鈥� on pink paper), they may inadvertently reinforce children鈥檚 stereotyped constructions of gender and unintentionally create social conditions that limit children to traditional gender roles (Gosselin 2007; Chrisman & Couchenour 2003). To create neutral spaces for exploration, educators need to acknowledge how gender limitations and biases might exist in classrooms and deliberately avoid and/or counteract them (Freeman 2007; Sullivan 2016).

Offering open-ended materials

Materials are among the most important aspects to consider when creating an inclusive, gender-neutral classroom. We encourage teachers to select materials that invite exploration without imposing gender expectations. For example, one simple change is to avoid objects that reinforce gendered play, like those that suggest pink is for girls and blue is for boys. Toys and objects with neutral color palettes, such as an unpainted wooden doll house with gender-nonspecific figures, may help children feel more welcome to explore various roles, labels, and activities in their play. These neutral materials also enable more creative play, as children can decorate the house and design outfits for the figures.

Even when materials are specifically chosen (or created) for their neutrality or representational ambiguity, children bring their own expectations, assumptions, experiences, and memories to their play. One way that teachers may begin broadening children鈥檚 perspectives is by incorporating more open-ended materials into classroom spaces. Fabrics of various colors and textures are an exciting alternative to premade tutus or firefighter jackets鈥攁nd (like an unpainted dollhouse) they challenge children to engage in more creative play. Children can use fabrics to transform into any character and apply them to any dramatic play context, which can help reduce play fraught with gender expectations.

Stocking the classroom with found materials and loose parts (such as pinecones, cardboard boxes and tubes, wire, buttons, twine, and gears) can be another imaginative and inexpensive way to encourage play that isn鈥檛 limited by traditional understandings of gender. Creating a gender-neutral makerspace with natural materials, for example, can inspire children to create sculptures, make books, piece together collages, or construct whatever they imagine. They may also create props of their own liking with these materials to enhance storylines they have created. These new materials and spaces can be presented as formal activities or as enticing provocations. When children see new opportunities for play and exploration that do not carry signals about gender, they may feel more welcome to engage and to collaborate with children they might not otherwise play with, breaking down gender barriers.

Selecting books and images

Thoughtfully choosing children鈥檚 books is another way to contradict stereotypical gender roles. By incorporating and discussing books that depict characters whose gender identities and expressions are multifaceted, fluid and/or ambiguous, teachers can help children expand their understanding of what it means to be male, female, neither, or both. Sharing books that model positive reactions to gender exploration and nontraditional play in the classroom sends a message to the community of learners and advances the anti-bias principle of transformation for all (Gunn 2003; Sullivan 2016).

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In addition to literature, images depicting diverse gender expressions and roles people take around the world can be a valuable classroom resource. Teachers can display photographs or illustrations that show clothing, occupations, and lifestyles around the globe that contrast with Western societies鈥� traditional gender roles and expressions. For example, a teacher might display pictures of men and women in flowing fabrics or skirts (such as kilts or various types of sarongs, which are common in many parts of the world) to support male children who might enjoy trying on all of the different types of clothing in the dramatic play center. Photos showing the ways gender roles and expressions differ around the world contribute to children鈥檚 understanding that gender is a social construct rather than a fixed and universal set of ideas, values, or behaviors.

Communicating with care

Young children do not have a negative view of others鈥� diverse gender play unless someone communicates to them that it is inappropriate. Teachers鈥� actions and words help shape the classroom culture and tell children how teachers feel about gender and gender exploration (Cahill & Theilheimer 1999). If children are given the autonomy to define鈥攁nd redefine鈥攖heir identities as they grow, rather than taking up our society鈥檚 traditional gender expectations, biases may be reduced. If children do not condemn each other but see teachers allowing diverse gender expressions, biases may be reduced (Kroeger, forthcoming).

Acting and speaking inclusively

Teachers鈥� actions and words help shape the classroom culture and tell children how teachers feel about gender barriers and gender exploration (Cahill & Theilheimer 1999). Inclusive practices and language help children who are engaging in nontraditional expressions of gender feel safe and welcome, and they also help their peers be accepting.

To remove gender bias from classroom practices and routines, teachers should examine their expectations for children and make sure all children are supported in using the most challenging materials. All children can excel in subjects such as math, science, engineering, reading, writing, and the arts. Predisposing particular children to play with materials that enhance knowledge and skills in certain subject areas鈥攆or example, guiding boys (but not girls) to play with construction materials that include gears and motors鈥攑erpetuates gender bias. By mindfully redistributing play materials and encouraging all children to pursue activities of different types, teachers can reinforce opportunities to play in gender-neutral, inclusive ways.

Similarly, teachers should beware of stereotyping classroom responsibilities. Ensure that all children participate in classroom routines (such as cleaning, carrying supplies, cooking, preparing snacks, and taking care of one another and materials), in outdoor and nature play (including climbing and other adventuresome activities), and in movement and music.

Carefully reflecting on the language used with children is also essential for reducing gender bias and ensuring that teachers are not inadvertently communicating unbalanced or restrictive expectations. Research has shown that girls tend to receive more comments related to their appearance and kind touch than any other communicative feedback, while boys are frequently acknowledged for showing strength or lack of emotion (Chick, Heilman-Houser, & Hunter 2002). Similarly, addressing boys as 鈥渓ittle dude鈥� or girls as 鈥渉oney鈥� perpetuates the view that young boys should be tough and young girls should be sweet. To avoid reinforcing these biases, teachers may want to spend a few minutes at the end of each day recalling and reflecting on how they spoke with different children in their classrooms. With time and effort, teachers can change their ways of speaking with children. One simple first step is to refer to children by their preferred names instead of other terms like 鈥渟weetie.鈥� When addressing an entire group of children, use neutral terms, such as 鈥渆veryone,鈥� 鈥渃hildren,鈥� 鈥減reschoolers,鈥� or 鈥淩oom 9鈥� instead of 鈥渂oys and girls.鈥�

While singular instances of stereotype-reinforcing communications from adults might not impact a child, frequent use of biased language may compound over time to shape the ways in which children view themselves, others, and society鈥檚 expectations about gender. A young girl who receives comments on her neatly braided hair every morning may come to think that she has a responsibility to make sure her hair is well groomed and visually appealing. This may cause her to internalize the belief that her physical appearance is the only aspect of her identity that matters to others. A boy repeatedly praised for his tough demeanor may not allow himself to express a range of emotions, resulting in his being perceived as lacking compassion or empathy for others or for himself (Rao & Seaton 2009). A child like Tate, who may or may not identify as a boy or girl and whose interests are often frowned on, may come to believe that a person has to fit neatly into a category in order to be valued.

Like all anti-bias efforts, changing how one feels, thinks, and talks about gender takes time. With reflection and practice, early childhood educators can remove gendered assumptions and messages from their language, making their classrooms more welcoming鈥攁nd truly enabling children to explore their interests.

Fostering partnerships with families

Creating safe and inclusive spaces for children exploring gender may also impact the children鈥檚 families. Teachers can encourage parents to be accepting of children鈥檚 playful gender exploration (Kroeger & Regula 2017), and administrators can ensure educational settings are welcoming for children who do not identify with their gender assigned at birth (Kroeger, forthcoming; Mosso-Taylor 2016). When families feel that their children are respected and accepted, they are more likely to become active members of the classroom community (DeVries & Zan 2012).

If family members struggle to understand a child鈥檚 nontraditional gender play or expression, a teacher鈥檚 knowledge of basic concepts related to gender (and sexuality) may prove a valuable resource for supporting the family. With a teacher鈥檚 understanding and with access to appropriate current resources (such as those provided by GLSEN and Gender Justice in Early Childhood), families can be coached on strategies to help make the home a safe haven for their children (Gender Spectrum 2018). By sharing resources with families, teachers can extend anti-bias practice beyond the classroom walls to encourage healthy development in all parts of a child鈥檚 life.

Here are some additional tips for engaging with families:

• Take your time building engagement among families on the topic of gender. Recognize that communities and families will differ in their readiness for rethinking gender; be conscious of pushing too fast.
• Recognize cultural influences on gender (such as a family鈥檚 religious beliefs), and try to find common ground with a wide variety of community members.
• Draw on what children notice and ask about regarding gender in the classroom to inform conversations with families, including conversations about the various roles associated with gender in their homes or communities.
• Be willing to answer or discuss family members鈥� questions about gender openly and honestly. Model lifelong learning for families by sharing how you are exploring and deepening your own understanding of gender. If possible, arrange a workshop with local experts to support families with a desire to learn more about gender.
• Consider the safety of children and families who confide in you and take care not to betray their trust, whether or not you agree with the ideas they have expressed.
• Learn about local issues and politics; reflecting on communities from multiple perspectives may influence your strategies for making change.

Conclusion

As early childhood educators learn about current thinking on gender, work to eliminate gender bias, and reflect on their classroom materials and practices, they can embrace the development of gender-inclusive communities. We believe that working to create safe spaces for gender exploration is essential to advancing anti-bias education.

By encouraging children to play freely, without regard to traditional gender limitations or biases, teachers can provide children who express gender in nontraditional ways with many opportunities to learn about gender fluidity, express themselves in different ways, and understand their developing sense of identity. With sensitive support from teachers, those children鈥檚 peers will learn that they too can play as they wish, and that they can accept their classmates no matter what toys or roles they find interesting.

Within the field of early education, much of the previously accepted wisdom about gender has guided teachers to stay within boundaries that are historically stereotypical and unwelcoming to many young children. With anti-bias principles in mind, teachers can reflect on gender and rethink their actions. Recognizing their own and other鈥檚 gender biases and beliefs allows educators to consciously counteract inequity in their practices, classroom materials, and language.

It鈥檚 time to let Tate wear the pink coat.