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Biting is a typical behavior often seen in infants, toddlers, and 2-year olds. As children mature, gain self-control, and develop problem-solving skills, they usually outgrow this behavior. While not uncommon, biting can be an upsetting and potentially harmful behavior. It鈥檚 best to discourage it from the very first episode. This article will help you to understand the reasons young children bite and give you some ideas and strategies for responding appropriately.

Why do young children bite?

Some children bite instinctively, because they have not developed self-control. For example, when 3-year-old Marcus grabs a doll from his 2-year-old sister Gina, her first response is to bite him and grab the doll. She doesn鈥檛 stop to think about other ways to act or the result of her actions. But there are many other reasons why children may bite.

A child might bite to

• Relieve pain from teething.
• Explore cause and effect (鈥淲hat happens when I bite?鈥�).
• Experience the sensation of biting.
• Satisfy a need for oral-motor stimulation.
• Imitate other children and adults.
• Feel strong and in control.
• Get attention.
• Act in self-defense.
• Communicate needs and desires, such as hunger or fatigue.
• Communicate or express difficult feelings, such as frustration, anger, confusion, or fear (鈥淭here are too many people here and I feel cramped鈥�).

What can families do to prevent biting?

There are a variety of things that families can do to prevent biting. It helps to

• Have age-appropriate expectations for your child鈥檚 behavior based on his or her current skills and abilities.
• Make sure your child鈥檚 schedule, routines, and transitions are predictable and consistent. At meal and bedtimes, try to do things in the same way and at the same times. Young children thrive when they know what will happen next.
• Offer activities and materials that allow your child to relax and release tension. Some children like yoga or deep breathing. Offer playdough, foam balls, bubbles, soft music, and other stress-reducing items.
• Use positive guidance strategies to help your child develop self-control. For example, offer gentle reminders, phrased in a way that tells them what behaviors are expected. 鈥淏e sure to hang up your coat on the hook.鈥� 鈥淵ou can each have a bucket to use in the sandbox.鈥� 鈥淧ut a small dot of toothpaste on your brush. You won鈥檛 need much to get your teeth clean.鈥�
• Provide items to bite, such as teething rings or clean, wet, cold washcloths stored in the refrigerator. This helps children learn what they can bite safely, without hurting anyone else.

How should I respond when my child bites?

While every situation is different, here are some general guidelines for responding when a child bites.

Infants
Infants learn about the world around them by exploring it with their hands, eyes, and mouths. But infants often need help to learn what they should and shouldn鈥檛 bite.

If your infant takes an experimental bite on a mother鈥檚 breast or grandpa鈥檚 shoulder, stay calm and use clear signals to communicate that it is not okay for one person to bite another. A firm 鈥渘o鈥� or 鈥渘o biting!鈥� is an appropriate response.

Toddlers and Preschoolers
Toddlers have many strong emotions that they are just learning to manage. Toddlers may bite to express anger or frustration or because they lack the language skills needed to express their feelings.

Biting is less common in preschoolers than toddlers. When a preschooler bites, it may be due to something at home or at their child care program that is causing the child to be upset, frustrated, confused, or afraid. A preschooler may also bite to get attention or to act in self-defense.

Follow the steps below with both toddlers and preschoolers.

1. If you see the biting incident, move quickly to the scene and get down to children鈥檚 level. Respond to the child who did the biting. In a serious, firm tone make a strong statement: 鈥淣o biting. Biting hurts. I can鈥檛 let you hurt Josie or anyone else.鈥� Next, offer a choice: 鈥淵ou can help make Josie feel better, or you can sit quietly until I can talk with you.鈥� Help the child follow through on the choice if necessary.
2. Respond to the child who was hurt by offering comfort through words and actions: 鈥淚鈥檓 sorry you are hurting. Let鈥檚 get some ice.鈥� Perform first aid if necessary. The child who did the biting can help comfort the bitten child鈥攊f both parties agree. Help the child who was hurt find something to do.
3. Finally, talk to the child who did the biting. Maintain eye contact and speak in simple words using a calm, firm tone of voice. Try to find out what happened that led to the incident. Restate the rule, 鈥淏iting is not allowed.鈥� Model the use of words that describe feelings: 鈥淜im took your ball. You felt angry. You bit Kim. I can鈥檛 let you hurt Kim. No biting.鈥� Discuss how the child can respond in similar situations in the future.

What if biting becomes a habit for my child?

If biting becomes a habit for your child and ongoing positive guidance is not effective, it is time to set up a meeting with your child鈥檚 teacher(s). Together, you can plan an approach for addressing the behavior that can be applied consistently at home and at the program. Together, you can discuss and define the behavior and find the cause behind it. Next, you and the teacher(s) can develop a plan to address the causes and help your child to replace biting with acceptable behaviors. Try the plan for several weeks, but be patient. It takes time to change behaviors that have become habits. Keep in touch with your child鈥檚 teacher(s) to share information about changes in behavior. After several weeks, evaluate the plan鈥檚 effectiveness and make changes as needed.

What strategies can I use to help my child overcome a habit of biting?

Here are some strategies for addressing a child鈥檚 biting habit.

• Observe your child to learn where, when, and in what situations biting occurs. Sometimes an adult may need to stay close to the child to prevent biting.
• Pay attention to signals. Stay close and step in if your child seems ready to bite.
• Suggest acceptable ways to express strong feelings. Help your child learn to communicate her wants and needs (鈥淎my, tell your sister you were still playing with the truck鈥�).
• Use a reminder system to help your child learn to express strong feelings with appropriate words and actions (鈥淭ell Manuel that you don鈥檛 like it when he gets that close to you鈥�).
• Reinforce positive behavior by acknowledging child鈥檚 appropriate words and actions (鈥淵ou didn鈥檛 like being tickled so you used your words to ask me to stop鈥�).
• Provide opportunities for your child to make choices and feel empowered.
• Be sure your behavior expectations are age-appropriate and individually appropriate for your child. Expecting a child to do something he or she is not able to do can cause children to feel stress. Stress can lead to biting.
• Offer foods with a variety of textures to meet your child鈥檚 sensory needs.
• Teach your child words for setting limits, such as 鈥渘o,鈥� 鈥渟top,鈥� or 鈥渢hat鈥檚 mine.鈥�

What strategies are not helpful?

These strategies should not be used to address a child鈥檚 biting habit.

• Avoid labeling a child as a 鈥渂iter.鈥� Negative labels can affect how you view your child, and even affect the child鈥檚 feelings about him- or herself.
• Never bite a child back to punish or show him how it feels to be bitten. Biting a child sends the message that using violence is an acceptable behavior that can be used to solve problems.
• Avoid getting angry, yelling, or shaming a child.
• Avoid giving too much attention to a child who bites after an incident. While this is usually negative attention, it can still reinforce the behavior and cause a child to repeat it.
• Do not force a child who bit and the child who was hurt to play together.
• Do not punish children who bite. Punishment does not help children to learn discipline and self-control. Instead, it makes children angry, upset, defiant, and embarrassed. It also undermines the relationship between you and your child.

For further reading

Banks, R., & S. Yi. 2007. 鈥淒ealing with Biting Behaviors in Young Children.鈥� Clearinghouse on Early Education and Parenting.听.

The Center on Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning (CSEFEL). 鈥淩esponding to Your Child鈥檚 Bite.鈥澨�.

Crisalli, L. 2008. 鈥淎ll about Biting.鈥澨�Exchange听184: 61鈥�63.听.

University of Maine Center for Community Inclusion and Disability Studies. 鈥淥uch! That hurts! 鈥� Biting.鈥� (Growing ideas tip sheet).听.

Zero to Three. 鈥淲hy Do Toddlers Bite? Finding the Right Response.鈥澨�.

Source: Adapted from D. Koralek, "Understanding and Responding to Biting,鈥� In听Classroom Strategies to Promote Children鈥檚 Social and Emotional Development, 135鈥�138. Lewisville, NC: Kaplan Press, 1999. 漏 1999 The Devereux Foundation, Villanova, Pennsylvania.